The definition of role change or role transition has been described in the literature as any transition from one set of behaviors to another. According to Melesis (2010) role transition involves the need to attain new knowledge, changes in social status and interactions with others that may lead to feeling of instability and uncertainty since self-identity and role change can occurs simultaneously as you move from novice to master in the newly defined role.
Role theory posits that people learn to adapt to the roles given to them by society and the rules that are agreed upon by society for a given role. The roles that individuals have are learned behaviors (Goodling, 2003). Similarly Transition Theory states that people can learn and adapt to changes. Transitions theory notes that change happens over times therefore the experience of transition is fluid.
Suggested References
Anderson, J. K. (2009). The work-role transition of expert clinician to novice academic educator. The Journal of Nursing Education, 48(4), 203–208. doi:10.3928/01484834-20090401-02
Clark, N. J., Alcala-Van Houten, L., & Perea-Ryan, M. (2010). Transitioning From Clinical Practice to Academia. Nurse Educator, 35(3), 105–109. doi:10.1097/NNE.0b013e3181d95069
Goodling, S. M. (2003). Transition from academia to home health practice. Home Health Care Management & Practice, 16(1), 17-24. doi: 10.1177/1084822303260198
Meleis, A. I. (2010). Transitions theory: Middle-Range and situation-Specific theories in nursing research and practice. New York, EUA: Springer publishing company.
Ramsburg, L., & Childress, R. (2012). An initial investigation of the applicability of the
Dreyfus skill acquisition model to the professional development of nurse educators. Nursing education perspectives, 33(5), 312-316. doi.org/10.5480/1536-5026-33.5.312
Schoening, A. M. (2013). From bedside to classroom: The nurse educator transition model. Nursing education perspectives, 34(3), 167-172. doi.org/10.5480/1536-5026-34.3.167
The transition from the role of nurse clinician to that of faculty and a member of the academic society can result in internal conflict and cognitive dissonance since the expectations as a clinician and the multitude of demands of an academic position. Clarke et al (2010) states that this incongruence can result in role stress which has four causes; ambiguity, incongruity, conflict and overload, which are below.
Ambiguity
Ambiguity occurs when there is a deficiency of clarity surrounding the behaviors and responsibilities associated with the role are not well defined or understood by the parties involved; the clinician, the medical institution or the academic institution.
Ambiguity is a common occurrence because most clinicians have not been socialized into the culture of academe. |
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Incongruity
Incongruity is the incompatibility between the different aspects contained in the role. There can be conflict between the skills and abilities, values and expectations or role obligations.
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Conflict
Role conflict arises when the expectations are perceived to be contradictory or incongruent and can result in irreconcilable demands on the part of the nurse or the institution.
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Overload
Overload occurs when the demands of the roles or roles overwhelm the new faculty member resulting in difficulty in meeting the obligations of the role in the prescribed time.
Overload can lead to workplace tension, anxiety, and personal conflict that can result in the exhibition of negative behaviors. |
- Know the expectations of the academic institution
- Most institutions base retention, promotion and tenure decision on a combination of scholarly activity, teaching ability and service to the academic community.
- Discuss how each of these components is weighted.
- Seek a formal mentorship program or obtain a dedicated mentor within the first few weeks of employment and meet with your mentor at regular intervals.
- Professional development should be an ongoing process that takes responsibilities and expectations of the position into consideration.
- Establish administrative support through early communication when issues are discovered.
- Become immersed in academic culture by reading journals on nursing education in addition to clinical journals.
Suggested References
Anibas, M., Brenner, G. H., & Zorn, C. R. (2009). Experiences described by novice
teaching academic staff in baccalaureate nursing education: A focus on mentoring. Journal of Professional Nursing, 25(4), 211-217. doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2009.01.008
Clark, C. L. (2013). A mixed-method study on the socialization process in clinical
nursing faculty. Nursing education perspectives, 34(2), 106-110. doi.org/10.5480/1536-5026-34.2.106
Clark, N. J., Alcala-Van Houten, L., & Perea-Ryan, M. (2010). Transitioning from
clinical practice to academia: University expectations on the tenure track. Nurse Educator, 35(3), 105-109.doi: 10.1097/NNE.0b013e3181d95069
Duffy, R. (2013). Nurse to educator? Academic roles and the formation of personal
academic identities. Nurse education today, 33(6), 620-624. doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2012.07.020
Gazza, E. A. (2009). The experience of being a full-time nursing faculty member in a
baccalaureate nursing education program. Journal of Professional Nursing, 25(4), 218-226. doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2009.01.006
McDonald, P. J. (2010). Transitioning from clinical practice to nursing faculty: Lessons
learned. Journal of Nursing Education, 49(3), 126. doi:10.3928/01484834-20091022-02
Penn, B. K., Wilson, L. D., & Rosseter, R. (2008). Transitioning from nursing practice to
a teaching role. Online journal of Issues in Nursing, 13(3).
doi:10.3912/OJIN.Vol13No03Man03
Roberts, S. J., & Glod, C. (2013, April). Faculty roles: Dilemmas for the future of nursing
education. In Nursing forum (Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 99-105).doi: 10.1111/nuf.12018
Schaar, G. L., Titzer, J. L., & Beckham, R. (2015). Onboarding New Adjunct Clinical
Nursing Faculty Using a Quality and Safety Education for Nurses–Based Orientation Model. Journal of Nursing Education, 54(2), 111–115. doi:10.3928/01484834-20150120-02
Weidman, N. A. (2013). The lived experience of the transition of the clinical nurse expert
to the novice nurse educator. Teaching and Learning in Nursing,8(3), 102-109. doi:10.1016/j.teln.2013.04.006
Ziehm, S., & Fontaine, D. K. (2009). Clinical faculty: tips for joining the ranks. AACN
advanced critical care, 20(1), 71-81. doi: 10.1097/NCI.0b013e31819453ab
Educational Requirements
- Bednash, G., Breslin, E. T., Kirschling, J. M., & Rosseter, R. J. (2014). PhD or DNP:
Planning for Doctoral Nursing Education. Nursing Science Quarterly, 27(4), 296–301. doi:10.1177/0894318414546415
- Sonson, S. L. (2013). DNP-prepared APRNs: Leading the magnet?? charge. Nursing
Management, 44(7), 49–52. doi:10.1097/01.NUMA.0000431425.39076.81
Faculty Roles
What Is Tenure?
A guaranteed job contract given to academic professionals that have shown skills over a period of time. It provides security from being laid off without sufficient justification. Primary responsibilities include: teaching and research, independent program of research, publications,teaching undergrad and/or graduate students, serving as an academic/research advisor of students involvement.
Tenured Positions
- Tenured Professor
After all other promotions have been reached
- Associate Professor
On-Track to be a Full Professor upon evaluation of requirements needed for promotion. These requirements may vary by University/department.
- Assistant Professor
Entry level tenure-track position for PhD graduates. DNP graduates may also be eligible for entry-level tenure-track positions depending on the University. On-Track to be an Associate Professor upon evaluation of requirements needed for promotion. These requirements may vary by University/department.
Non-tenured Positions
- Adjunct Faculty
Non-tenure/part-time/per course. Primary duty is teaching. This includes developing syllabi, coordinating curriculum, facilitating class instruction, evaluating student performance, holding office hours, maintaining course website (blackboard).
- Bachelors Degree (Required)
- Master's Degree or DNP (May be required if teaching at graduate level
- Nursing Experience (Active RN License
- Clinical Instructor
Primary role is supervising students during clinical rotations. Coordinating with clinicians at clinical sites, making student assignments, instructing students on how to perform duties in the clinical site, evaluate students' work.
- Active RN License
- 2+ years of clinical experience
- BSN (MSN or DNP Preferred)
- Research Faculty
Sustain a program of research that provides their salary. Publish in peer-reviewed clinical journals, present research findings at conferences, advise students in research activities. Serve on thesis and dissertation committees. Teaching expectations are limited.
Suggested Resources:
Faculty Roles
- Duffy, R. (2013). Nurse to educator? Academic roles and the formation of personal academic identities. Nurse Education Today, 33(6), 620–624. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2012.07.020
- Roberts, S. J., & Glod, C. (2013). Faculty roles: Dilemmas for the future of nursing education. Nursing Forum, 48(2), 99–105. doi:10.1111/nuf.12018
Tenure
- Gaugler, J. E. (2004). on the Tenure Track in Gerontology: I Wish I Had Known Then What I Know Now. Educational Gerontology, 30(6), 517–536. doi:10.1080/03601270490445122
- Singh, M. D. (2015, July). An Exploration of the Pre-Tenure and Tenure Process Experiences of Nursing Faculty. In Sigma Theta Tau International's 26th International Nursing Research Congress. STTI
- Smeltzer, S. C., Sharts-Hopko, N. C., Cantrell, M. A., Heverly, M. A., Wise, N. J., Jenkinson, A., & Nthenge, S. (2014). Challenges to research productivity of doctoral program nursing faculty. Nursing Outlook, 62(4), 268-274.
- Sussman, S. M. (2012). Job satisfaction and support for transitions in the nursing academy: A qualitative study of tenured nursing faculty who stay in academia (Doctoral dissertation, Teachers College, Columbia University).
Non-Tenure
- Paul, P. A. (2015). Transition from novice adjunct to experienced associate degree nurse educator: A comparative qualitative approach. Teaching and Learning in Nursing, 10(1), 3-11.
- Nicholes, R. H., & Dyer, J. (2012). Is eligibility for tenure possible for the doctor of nursing practice-prepared faculty?. Journal of Professional Nursing, 28(1), 13-17.
- Schaar, G. L., Titzer, J. L., & Beckham, R. (2015). Onboarding New Adjunct Clinical Nursing Faculty Using a Quality and Safety Education for Nurses–Based Orientation Model. Journal of Nursing Education, 54(2), 111–115. doi:10.3928/01484834-20150120-02
Additional Resources
Website Resources:
AACN Career Link
AACN's online resource dedicated to employment opportunities in nursing education.
HigherEd Jobs
Listing of faculty positions (on-site or remote)
Education Nurses.com
Provides nursing education modules for new educators
Graduate Nursing Student Academy Career Network
Job board developed through partnership between AACN and AfterCollege.
National Council of State Board of Nursing - Nurse Licensure Compact
To determine if you live in a state included in the Nurse Licensure Compact
Professional Organizations to Consider:
It is important to maintain membership in professional associations that are tied to your area of specialization or instruction.
Association of Black Nursing Faculty
National Association of Ethnic Minority Nurse Associations
National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties
Professional Nurse Educators Group
Sigma Theta Tau International The International Society of Nursing