The Essentials

Domain 4: Scholarship for the Nursing Discipline

Descriptor: The generation, synthesis, translation, application, and dissemination of nursing knowledge to improve health and transform health care (AACN, 2018).

Contextual Statement: Nursing scholarship informs science, enhances clinical practice, influences policy, and impacts best practices for educating nurses as clinicians, scholars, and leaders. Scholarship is inclusive of discovery, application, integration, and teaching. While not all inclusive, the scholarship of discovery includes primary empirical research, analysis of large data sets, theory development, and methodological studies. The scholarship of practice interprets, draws together, applies, and brings new insight to original research (Boyer, 1990; AACN 2018).

Knowledge of the basic principles of the research process, including the ability to critique research and determine its applicability to nursing’s body of knowledge, is critical. Ethical comportment in the conduct and dissemination of research and advocacy for human subjects are essential components of nursing’s role in the process of improving health and health care. Whereas the research process is the generation of new knowledge, evidence-based practice (EBP) is the process for the application, translation, and implementation of best evidence into clinical decision-making. While evidence may emerge from research, EBP extends beyond just data to include patient preferences and values as well as clinical expertise. Nurses, as innovators and leaders within the interprofessional team, use the uniqueness of nursing in nurse-patient relationships to provide optimal care and address health inequities, structural racism, and systemic inequity.

Competencies, Sub-competencies, and Progression Indicators Table by Level

Below presents sub-competencies by entry-level and advanced-level, with associated progression indicators. Select a competency from the dropdown to view its corresponding table of developing and developed competence. 

Table Legend:

Level 1: Entry-Level
Level 2: Advanced-Level

  Sub-competency Progression Indicators (Observable Behaviors)
    Developing (Developing Competence) Developed (Competent)
Level 1: Entry-Level

4.1a Demonstrate an understanding of different approaches to scholarly practice.

Describe research methods.

Compare and contrast different scholarly practices.

Use evaluation criteria to appraise literature.

4.1b Demonstrate application of different levels of evidence.

Explain the different levels of evidence.

Categorize publications by level of evidence.

Apply different levels of evidence to clinical decision-making.

Appraise and synthesize evidence from multiple levels.

4.1c Apply theoretical framework(s)/models in practice.

Identify key theoretical frameworks/models relevant to nursing practice.

Describe how specific theoretical frameworks/models apply to clinical practice.

Provide a rationale for integrating chosen theoretical frameworks/models into plans of care.

Evaluate the effectiveness of theoretical frameworks/models in practice through reflective practice.

4.1d Demonstrate an understanding of basic elements of the research process.

List the essential elements of the research process.

Explain the steps of the research process.

Design a simple research study, including all essential elements.

4.1e Participate in scholarly inquiry as a team member.

Share expertise and listen to diverse perspectives in group discussions about scholarly inquiry.

Make meaningful contributions to enhance the quality of team-based scholarly projects or assignments.

4.1f Evaluate research.

Identify key components of research.

Critique research for strengths and weaknesses.

Synthesize findings from research to draw reasonable conclusions.

Evaluate research in a specific area of interest.

4.1g Communicate scholarly findings.

Summarize findings in written or oral formats.

Present findings in peer group settings.

       
Level 2: Advanced-Level

4.1h Apply and critically evaluate advanced knowledge in a defined area of nursing practice.

Describe advanced knowledge relevant to a specific area of nursing practice.

Apply specialized knowledge to clinical practice.

Evaluate the application of specialized knowledge in practice.

Synthesize specialized knowledge to develop innovative solutions or improvements in practice.

4.1i Engage in scholarship to advance health.

Participate in scholarly activities like discussions and journal clubs

Design scholarly projects or initiatives aimed at advancing health.

Lead a scholarly project or initiative, demonstrating the ability to advance health outcomes.

Communicate findings from scholarly activities contributing to the advancement of health.

4.1j Discern appropriate applications of quality improvement, research, and evaluation methodologies.

Differentiate various quality improvement, research, and evaluation methodologies.

Apply appropriate methodologies to address specific clinical or research questions.

Evaluate the effectiveness of different methodologies in achieving desired outcomes.

Develop and implement evidence-based projects using sophisticated analytical and interpretive methodologies.

4.1k Collaborate to advance one’s scholarship.

Engage in collaborative discussions with peers and mentors about scholarly work.

Participate in collaborative research or scholarly projects.

Lead collaborative efforts in research or scholarly projects, demonstrating effective teamwork.

Collaborate with the interprofessional team to enhance and sustain the impact of scholarly work.

4.1l Disseminate one’s scholarship to diverse audiences using a variety of approaches or modalities.

Evaluate appropriate modalities and audiences for dissemination of scholarly work. 

Disseminate scholarly work to professional audiences through publications, conferences, or webinars.

4.1m Advocate within the interprofessional team and with other stakeholders for the contributions of nursing scholarship.

Articulate the importance of nursing scholarship in team meetings or discussions.

Advocate for the inclusion of nursing scholarship in interprofessional projects or initiatives.

Engage with external stakeholders to promote and advocate for the value of nursing scholarship in improving health outcomes.

Table Legend:

Level 1: Entry-Level
Level 2: Advanced-Level

  Sub-competency Progression Indicators (Observable Behaviors)
    Developing (Developing Competence) Developed (Competent)
Level 1: Entry-Level

4.2a Evaluate clinical practice to generate questions to improve nursing care.

Evaluate alignment of clinical practice with evidence-based guidelines.

Generate focused, relevant questions to improve nursing care.

4.2b Evaluate appropriateness and strength of the evidence.

Explain the different types of evidence and their sources.

Assess the quality and relevance of evidence for specific clinical questions.

Appraise the strength and applicability of evidence in clinical decision-making.

Synthesize evidence from multiple sources to improve practice.

4.2c Use best evidence in practice.

Identify the best evidence relevant to clinical practice.

Integrate best evidence into clinical practice to improve patient outcomes.

Evaluate the impact of using the best evidence on patient care and outcomes.

4.2d Participate in the implementation of a practice change to improve nursing care.

Explain the different types of evidence and their sources.

Assess the quality and relevance of evidence for specific clinical questions.

Appraise the strength and applicability of evidence in clinical decision-making.

Synthesize evidence from multiple sources to improve practice.

4.2c Use best evidence in practice.

Identify the best evidence relevant to clinical practice.

Integrate best evidence into clinical practice to improve patient outcomes.

Evaluate the impact of using the best evidence on patient care and outcomes.

4.2d Participate in the implementation of a practice change to improve nursing care.

Engage in discussions about potential practice changes.

Recommend a practice change based on evidence.

Demonstrate the implementation process for a practice change.

4.2e Participate in the evaluation of outcomes and their implications for practice.

Examine data on patient outcomes following practice changes.

Analyze data to determine the effectiveness of practice changes.

Evaluate the implications of outcomes for future practice.

Disseminate findings from outcome evaluations to inform and improve nursing practice.

       
Level 2: Advanced-Level

4.2f Use diverse sources of evidence to inform practice.

Appraise multiple sources of evidence.

Synthesize evidence from diverse sources to inform practice.

Incorporate diverse evidence into practice guidelines and protocols.

4.2g Lead the translation of evidence into practice.

Participate in discussions about translating evidence into practice.

Develop plans to implement evidence-based changes in practice.

Lead the implementation of evidence-based practice changes in clinical settings.

Evaluate and refine the process of translating evidence into practice to ensure sustainability and effectiveness.

4.2h Address opportunities for innovation and changes in practice.

Identify areas in clinical practice that could benefit from improvement. 

Propose solutions to improve practice.

Implement changes in practice and evaluate their impact. 

Mentor others in the development and implementation of practice changes.

4.2i Collaborate in the development of new/revised policy or regulation in the light of new evidence.

Participate in discussions about policy or regulatory changes based on new evidence. 

Advocate for the development of new or revised policies or regulations.

Analyze the relationship between emerging evidence and its potential impact on existing policies or regulations.

Evaluate the impact of policy or regulatory changes and advocate for further improvements based on evidence. 

Provide data-driven insights and evidence to support the development of clear, actionable policies.

4.2j Articulate inconsistencies between practice policies and best evidence. Discuss inconsistencies among policies and evidence with peers and supervisors. Provide evidence-based recommendations to address inconsistencies in practice policies.
4.2k Evaluate outcomes and impact of new practices based on the evidence.

Collect data on the outcomes following the implementation of new practices. 

Analyze data to assess the impact of new practices.

Evaluate the efficacy of new practices and their effect on patient outcomes. 

Disseminate findings from outcome evaluations to inform and improve future practice.

Table Legend:

Level 1: Entry-Level
Level 2: Advanced-Level

  Sub-competency Progression Indicators (Observable Behaviors)
    Developing (Developing Competence) Developed (Competent)
Level 1: Entry-Level

4.3a Explain the rationale for ethical research guidelines, including Institutional Review Board (IRB) guidelines.

Identify key ethical research guidelines and the role of the IRB.

Explain the importance of ethical research guidelines and IRB processes in protecting participants.

Apply ethical research guidelines and IRB requirements to the design of a scholarly project.

4.3b Demonstrate ethical behaviors in scholarly projects including quality improvement and EBP initiatives.

Describe ethical principles relevant to scholarly projects and quality improvement initiatives.

Integrate ethical principles into planning and executing quality improvement or EBP initiatives.

Evaluate the ethical aspects of scholarly projects and quality improvement initiatives, providing recommendations for improvement.

4.3c Advocate for the protection of participants in the conduct of scholarly initiatives.

Identify the rights and protections of research participants.

Ensure participant protections are upheld in the conduct of scholarly initiatives.

4.3d Recognize the impact of equity issues in research.

Identify equity issues that may affect research outcomes.

Discuss the implications of equity issues in research with peers and mentors.

Evaluate research studies for equity issues and advocate for equitable research practices.
       
Level 2: Advanced-Level 4.3e Identify and mitigate potential risks and areas of ethical concern in the conduct of scholarly activities.

Identify potential risks and ethical concerns in scholarly activities.

Discuss strategies to mitigate identified risks and ethical concerns with peers and mentors.

Implement strategies to mitigate risks and address ethical concerns in scholarly projects.

Evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation strategies and make recommendations for improvement.

4.3f Apply IRB guidelines throughout the scholarship process.

Identify key IRB guidelines relevant to scholarly activities.

Apply IRB guidelines in the planning and design of scholarly projects.

Ensure compliance with IRB guidelines throughout the conduct of scholarly activities.

4.3g Ensure the protection of participants in the conduct of scholarship.

Advocate for participant protections in the planning and conduct of scholarly projects.

Implement measures to ensure the protection of participants in scholarly activities.

4.3h Implement processes that support ethical conduct in practice and scholarship.

Identify processes supporting ethical conduct in practice and scholarship.

Participate in the implementation of ethical processes in scholarly projects.

Evaluate the effectiveness of ethical processes and recommend improvements.

4.3i Apply ethical principles to the dissemination of nursing scholarship.

Identify ethical principles relevant to the dissemination of nursing scholarship.

Apply ethical principles in the preparation of scholarly presentations and publications.

Ensure all dissemination activities adhere to ethical principles.

Promote ethical dissemination practices and address any ethical issues that arise.

Implementing the Progression Indicators
Videos & Guides

 

Progression Indicators:
An Overview

In this video, Drs. Bimbola Akintade and Cynthia O'Neal from AACN's Assessment Expert Working Group introduce the progression indicators and how incorporating them into nursing curricula can improve competency assessment strategies.

PI Overview One-Pager PDF

Clarifying Expectations & Advancing Competency With PIs

Dr. Mary Fey discusses the importance of aligning descriptive, observable behaviors with the Essentials sub-competencies for student assessment.


Clarifying Expectations with PIs PDF Guide

Clustering Competencies During Assessment

Dr. Dana Tschannen provides an overview of how faculty can cluster Essentials competencies to ensure alignment throughout program curricula.



Clustering Competencies PDF Guide